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Sample Test Questions
Sample Multiple-Choice
Questions
1. From a classical-conditioning view of drug addiction, why
do drug addicts experience "cravings"?
a) Because of a diminished conditioned response.
b) Because of a diminished response to the drug.
c) Because the conditioned stimulus triggers the conditioned
response even when there is no unconditioned stimulus present.
d) Because, in the context of drug addiction, the conditioned
response is a compensatory response rather than a conditioned response.
e) Because of second-order conditioning.
Answer: (c); Source: Gleitman,
et. al., 5th ed., text, pages 126-127.
To answer correctly with confidence, it is necessary to know
what each of the answer alternatives means and to understand the following concepts:
classical-conditioning, second-order conditioning, drug addiction, cravings, conditioned
responses, compensatory responses, conditioned stimuli, and unconditioned stimuli. It is
also important to know how these concepts are related to one another (all this knowledge
to score correctly on just one single multiple-choice question!).
2. In which lobe is the sensory projection area for vision
located?
a) The parietal lobe.
b) The occipital lobe.
c) The frontal lobe.
d) The temporal lobe.
e) The olfactory lobe.
Answer: (b); Source: Gleitman,
et. al., 5th ed., text, page 32.
3. Which of the following statements is true
about any measure of central tendency?
a) It reflects the variability of a distribution.
b) It is used to calculate the range of a distribution.
c) It always provides the same value regardless of the
procedure used to calculate that measure of central tendency.
d) It summarizes an entire distribution with a single value.
e) A measure of central tendency is (does) none
of the above.
Answer: (d); Source: Gleitman,
et. al., 5th ed., text, pages B5-B6.
Sample Short-Answer Question
Name and describe one
common form of rehearsal that
has little, if any, effect on long-term memory (LTM) recall. Provide one reason why
this form of rehearsal is not effective for LTM recall.
Sample Answer:
Maintenance rehearsal. This is a form of
rehearsal in which the to-be-remembered material is "held" in working
memory (or short-term memory) for a brief period (10 to 12 seconds). The material remains
in working memory for only a short while and is not effectively encoded into LTM; it
therefore, has little, if any, effect on LTM recall.
Source: Lecture and Gleitman, et. al., 5th
ed., text, page 268.
Sample Essay Question
In operant conditioning, what four variables
are important to the effectiveness of reinforcement? For three of these variables,
indicate what it is about them that is important in making reinforcement more effective.
Sample Answer:
To be effective, reinforcement should be
immediate rather than delayed.
To be effective, reinforcement should be
contingent (or dependent) on the operant behaviour and never arbitrary.
To be effective, reinforcement should be continuous during
learning or acquisition, and partial or intermittent during maintenance (after the desired
response has been established.)
To be effective, the reinforcement should be valued by the
learner.
Source: Lecture.
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